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Central mudminnow
The central mudminnow (''Umbra limi'') is a small fish in the family Esocidae of the order Esociformes. It is found in central and eastern North America in productive waters. It is fairly tolerant of low oxygen concentrations and, as a result, it is sometimes the only, or one of a very few, fish species present in waters susceptible to winter or summer kill.
==Abstract==
The central mudminnow lives in slow-moving water around ponds, lakes, and streams in central North America, and ranges in length from 51–102 mm. It burrows tail-first in mud and can tolerate low oxygen levels, allowing it to live in waterways unavailable to other fishes. Its coloration matches this habitat, being brownish above with mottled sides and a pale belly.〔Philips, G. L., Schmid, W. D., Underhill, J. C. 1982. Fishes of the Minnesota Region. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.〕 It is eaten by many species of fish such as grass pickerel, sunfishes, northern pike, and catfishes; it is also preyed upon by birds, foxes, and snakes when caught out of water.〔Jenkins, J. R. and Miller, B. A. 2006. Shoaling Behavior in the Central Mudminnow (''Umbra limi''). The American Midland Naturalist 158:226-232.〕 According to Paszkowski and Tonn, mudminnows perform better in environments with other fish species than in environments with just mudminnows, because the "interspecific interactions override a similar contribution for the mudminnow, which is regarded as a fugitive species".〔Paszkowski, C. A. and Tonn, W. M. 1991. An experimental study of factors affecting the distribution of yellow perch and central mudminnows along a species richness gradient. Environmental Biology of Fishes 33:399-404.〕 Central mudminnows are known to eat a large variety of zooplankton and benthic and epiphytic macroinvertebrates. Adults are also known to feed energetically in the winter months on littoral fish.〔Robinson, J. M., Jirka, K. J. and Chiotti, J. A. 2009. Age and growth analysis of the central mudminnow, ''Umbra limi''. Applied Ichthyology 26:89-94.〕 One experiment conducted by Colgan and Silburt resulted in mudminnows typically feeding more on benthic than plaktonic resources, with zooplankton making up only 0.7 of 511 items found in the stomach.〔Colgan, P. and Silburt, B. 1984. Feeding behavior of the central mudminnow, ''Umbra limi'', in the field and laboratory. Environmental Biology of Fishes 10:209-214.〕 This mudminnow uses a modified gas bladder to breathe air pockets trapped between the ice and water during the winter to feed and stay active.〔Currie, S., B. Bagatto, M. DeMille, A. Learner, D. LeBlanc, C. Marks, K. Ong, J. Parker, N. Templeman, B.L. Tufts, and P.A. Wright. 2010. Metabolism, nitrogen excretion, and heat shock proteins in the central mudminnow (''Umbra limi''), a facultative air-breathing fish living in a variable environment. NRC Research 88: 43-58.〕
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